Five types of paunch with compost ages between 2 and 16 weeks were compared with urea (46% N) and applied at field equivalent rates of 0 (control), 150, and 300 kg/ha N. Experimental work was undertaken to assess potential risks due to weed seed contamination, determine the agronomic response of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) to soil in-corporation of paunch, and investigate short-term greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In Australia, recycling of paunch waste to farmland has been suggested as a cost-effective and practicable environmental option, but little is known about its agronomic value. This activity presents an opportunity to assist industries in waste resource recovery by achieving higher resolution data, through collaborations with Australian Biomass for Bioenergy Assessment (ABBA), Rural Research and Development Corporations (RDCs), industry stakeholders and regulatory bodies to garner specific information on co-digestion opportunities and interest in high value add products. This process has confirmed that beef, pork and dairy industries all have varying information available on waste resources and overall there is a lack of high-resolution data available. The critical evaluation scoped out available information, and data was collated from these various sources and synthesized. This paper will provide a literature review of the work undertaken in this area. One of the key strategies for ensuring the development of viable commercial outcomes from this research program is to underpin the work with research into the waste resources available in Australia and opportunities to aggregate the waste resources that can lead to new business models for adoption. Understanding key information gaps on waste composition and quantities in these industries is a fundamental step to fully realizing the opportunities in unlocking new revenue streams to produce energy products, fertilizers, feeds and chemicals for use in agriculture. In addition, primary production and processing costs are rising and there is an ongoing need to improve productivity to maintain future industry profitability and environmental performance. The management of these wastes is a significant cost for these industries exceeding AUD100-200 (≈USD75-150) million per year. On-farm, intensive feed and processing sectors from Australian red meat, dairy and pork industries produce significant quantities of waste.
We therefore concluded that with specific rate settings, biosolid application can sustain yields of winter cereals without significant additional N leaching as compared to MF. Moreover, nitrate leaching from B5 was comparable to MF, and B15 increased the risk by less than 30 N-NO3 kg ha−1. Nevertheless, whether 5 Mg ha−1 of biosolids could replace mineral fertilization still depended on the particular cereal due to the different yield physiology of the crops. Overall, results highlight that BS are valuable fertilizers for winter cereals as these showed higher yields with BS as compared to control. Mineral-fertilized (MF) and unfertilized (C) controls were included.
Cereals were fertilized at rates of 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha−1 dry weight (called B5, B10, and B15, respectively) of biosolids (BS).
A two-year study was conducted to determine how biosolids affect biomass and grain yield as well as N uptake and N leaching in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. However, potential N leaching from BS application can occur in Mediterranean soils. Winter cereals are excellent candidates for biosolid application because their nitrogen (N) requirement is high, they are broadly cultivated, and their deep root system efficiently takes up mineral N.
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